A Summary of China 's Foreign Trade Development
China is a long history of ancient civilization, foreign trade has a long history. The Silk Road is the earliest channel of China's foreign trade, and it is the result of the joint efforts of all countries and nations. The Western Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions and the subsequent release of the threat of the Huns, the Silk Road to smooth, and become China's foreign trade of the most important channel.
The famous "Silk Road" is China's earliest proof of foreign trade. Nowadays, under the background of economic globalization, China is actively transforming foreign trade, and striving to realize the transformation of trade power to trade power.
1.1 Foreign trade during feudal and semi-colonial semi-feudal periods
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Western Regions before the Opium War is the feudal period, the outbreak of the Opium War to the new China was established semi-colonial and semi-feudal period. These two stages of foreign trade, help us to look at the problem with a historical perspective, so that we have a profound understanding of the relationship between foreign trade development and national rejuvenation.
1.2 Foreign trade before the establishment of the new China to the Third Plenary Session of the 11th
During this period, China's foreign trade can be divided into two stages: before the reform and opening up and after reform and opening up. In these two different stages, China's foreign trade has significant differences.
1.3 Foreign trade since the reform and opening up
Since the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade has expanded and the implementation of the economic system reform is the rapid development of the national economy, foreign trade embarked on a new track. Especially since joining the World Trade Organization, for our country into the world economy to speed up the pace. Since China's accession to the WTO, China's foreign trade has made the world's attention.
China 's foreign trade development strategy
In the 21st century, economic globalization has become an irreversible historical trend, a tendency not to shift the will of man. Economic globalization can bring about the world's optimal economic development and optimal allocation of resources, which is of particular importance to the vast number of developing countries, including China. China will face new opportunities for development, will also face the fierce challenge of international competition. China should formulate corresponding foreign trade development strategies and strategic objectives to meet the challenges.
2.1 win by quality strategy
This strategy is conducive to China's foreign trade, but continued development, is aimed at China's export trade in the long-standing problems. In this strategy, China put forward three kinds of quality to win the measures: First, establish the concept of quality first, enhance the quality of exports in the sense of awareness. Export is not only related to the interests of enterprises, commodity quality is a symbol of national spirit, but also related to the international image of our products. Second, attention to export product quality management, improve the quality certification system. The promotion and use of international standards is the fundamental way to reduce international trade friction, break through foreign technical barriers and expand commodity exports. The establishment of a standardized system in line with international rules, not only conducive to promoting China's quality management to the international close, but also to ensure that the strong evidence of product quality. Third, the national brand, the creation of export commodities. Brand-name products is the image of enterprises, is to enter the international market permits, China is the lack of brand-name products, seriously affected China's foreign trade, China should be committed to cultivating national brand.
2.2 Export Commodity Strategy
Since the reform and opening up, China has been implementing export-oriented foreign trade development strategy, this strategy has played an important role in China's economic take-off, but we should also see that this strategy in the actual operation process also appeared some problems. Export-oriented sector has a "big into the big" characteristics, and domestic economic ties, to promote the role of domestic economic development is limited. This kind of foreign trade is a kind of extensive foreign trade, it is difficult to improve the technical content of products and market competitiveness. Based on this, China's foreign trade development should shift from comparative advantage to competitive advantage, through deepening market reform, promote the transformation of export structure, to achieve the extensive growth of foreign trade to intensive growth.
2.3 Market diversification strategy
Market diversification has become China's foreign trade development of a long-term basic strategy, the implementation of market diversification strategy is conducive to promoting China's foreign trade sustained, stable and healthy development. Market diversification strategy is conducive to resist the negative impact of regional trade groups on China's foreign trade. Market diversification strategy is conducive to expanding China's export market, to minimize the risk. Market diversification strategy is conducive to reducing our country on some of the market over-reliance, so that China's foreign trade by passive change initiative. [3] for this reason a series of diversified strategic measures in China, one financial support, the second is financial support, the third is insurance support, four is to hold international exhibitions, five is the foreign trade business to promote each other.
2.4 Science and technology trade strategy
In order to speed up the transformation of China's trade power to trade power, China has put forward the strategy of promoting trade in science and technology, which is an important strategy for China's opening up of China's foreign trade and development. This is an inevitable requirement for China's economic restructuring, The only way to change the power. It includes two aspects: First, vigorously promote the export of high-tech products; the second is the use of high-tech transformation of traditional export industries, improve the traditional export products, technical content and added value. So far, the implementation of science and technology trade strategy has achieved initial results, in order to achieve China's export commodity restructuring and export trade growth has made a greater contribution. Mainly in the high-tech exports led to the growth of China's export trade, improve the competitiveness of China's exports, and promote the upgrading of the domestic industrial structure, and promote the transformation of China's foreign trade growth patterns formed a distinctive high-tech industry cluster The
China 's foreign trade relations
China's foreign trade stage is divided into three stages: the foreign trade before the reform, the second is the foreign trade before WTO accession, the third is after the WTO foreign trade. China's foreign trade mainly abides by the principle of independence and autonomy, the principle of equality and mutual benefit, the principle of reciprocity and the principle of mutual cooperation with foreign trade and diplomacy.
3.2.1 Trade relations with the United States
(1) processing trade accounted for a large proportion. After entering the 1990s, processing trade in China, whether it is export or import trade has become the main trade, its raw materials and spare parts mainly from neighboring countries and regions, the main export market for the United States, Japan and Europe countries. On the face of it, China has gained a large surplus from exports of US processing trade, but in fact China can only get a small amount of processing costs. This is clearly not a true reflection of the actual trade between the two countries.
(2) trade transfer effect China's exports to the United States of goods, 90% is to replace other countries and regions of the US exports. Taiwan, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, Japan and South Korea and other investment in mainland China, the export to the United States, but the United States trade volume are counted on China's head, thus increasing China's exports to the United States.
(3) to re-export trade between China and the United States, a large number of goods are through the Hong Kong-based third-party re-carried out.
3.2.2 trade relations with Europe
China's trade relations with the EU mainly manifested in China's "accession to the WTO" since, especially this year, China-EU trade volume rising, the two sides a substantial increase in investment, the two sides are more active in technology trade. But there are some problems, there is an imbalance in bilateral trade between China and Europe, the EU's market barriers to trade barriers higher. But the prospects for the development of China and Europe is still good, China and Europe in the trade there is a clear complementarity. In particular, this year, the Central European government frequent visits, is the relationship between the two sides raised to a new level.
3.2.3 Trade relations with Japan
China and Japan are neighbors, are Asia and the world's economic organizations, an important component. Since the normalization of Sino-Japanese diplomatic relations in 1972, Sino-Japanese cooperation has become more frequent. Sino-Japanese bilateral trade is growing steadily, energy-saving emission reduction has become a new bright spot in Sino-Japanese cooperation. However, there are some problems in Sino-Japanese cooperation. The trade disputes between China and Japan are increasing day by day. Japan's direct investment in China is reduced and Sino-Japanese energy conflicts of interest are exacerbated.
3.2.4 Trade relations with ASEAN
China has established diplomatic relations with ASEAN for many years, the relationship has been relatively stable. Over the past 20 years, China's trade with ASEAN has continued to grow and the two-way investment has intensified. ASEAN countries have become an important source of attracting foreign investment in China. The trade in services is complementary.
Fourth, China's foreign trade in the trade friction
4.1 trade friction with developed countries
(1) trade friction with the EU.
At present, many EU countries, the product and trade structure and China there is a large competitive, although this competition in view of the brand and the technical level of different, reflects the more obvious dislocation competitive characteristics, but with China's industrial structure, trade Structure and brand building level gradient upgrade, this dislocation competition space gradually narrowed, objectively led to the escalation of trade frictions in China and Europe.
(2) trade friction with the United States.
For a long time, China and the United States trade relations to maintain a relatively stable and good development, while the two sides of the trade friction is also increasing. China's trade policy is a cause of China's trade frictions and aggravated, its policies and characteristics in many areas of Sino US trade frictions, such as intellectual property rights, market access, safeguard measures and special safeguard measures, technical barriers to trade, Anti-dumping, countervailing, trade in agricultural products and textile trade issues can be clearly reflected.
(3) trade friction with Japan
With the continuous upgrading of China's product structure to Japan, the trade friction between the two countries is becoming more and more obvious. Japan to China to take a variety of forms, including technical barriers, anti-dumping, health and quarantine standards, environmental standards, safeguards, etc., in order to prevent the export of Chinese products to Japan.
4.2 Trade friction with developing countries
China's rapid development of foreign trade, the developing countries also increased trade friction with China, mainly for anti-dumping, countervailing and so on.
Conclusion and Outlook
This paper introduces in detail the development history, development strategy, foreign trade relations and trade friction of China's foreign trade, and it can be seen that China's foreign trade road is rugged. In this regard, China should strengthen education and publicity, improve the awareness of the protection of intellectual property rights, the development of national intellectual property strategy to enhance China's economic competitiveness, better participation in international trade. At the same time, we have to develop a series of measures to deal with trade friction with other countries, to safeguard the interests of our country.